Unit 4 Apwh Review Unit 1 Apwh Review

AP Globe Unit 4: Transoceanic Encounters (1450 - 1750 CE)

In AP World History: Mod, Unit 4 spans from 1450 CE to 1750 CE and accounts for 12-fifteen% of the fabric on the exam.

This guide was updated to marshal with the new course!

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Contextualizing the Unit (1450 to 1750) ⛵

Before 1450, regional merchandise was all the rage equally the Silk Roads, Indian Ocean network, and Trans-Saharan routes exploded with more merchants and goods flowing.

By 1450, Europeans were attack finding a faster route to Asia. Relying on overland trade was besides tiresome and yous couldn't bring all that many goods with you lot on a camel's back. Maritime merchandise would prove to exist far more than economically efficient.

But as of nonetheless, the fastest way to Asia was through the Mediterranean, which was monopolized past the Byzantines followed past the Ottomans. Was in that location a faster route going west? Maybe. 🤷🏽‍♀️

AP World Dates to Know from 1450 to 1750 (Unit 4)

Study TIP:Y'all will never be asked specifically to place a date. However, knowing the lodge of events volition help immensely with cause and effect. For this reason, nosotros have identified the most important dates to know.

1453 CE - Ottomans seized Constantinople

1492 CE - Columbus sailed to Americas... so committed genocide

1502 CE - Offset slaves to the Americas

1517 CE - Martin Luther/95 Theses

1521 CE - Cortez conquered the Aztecs

1526 CE: Mughal Empire begins

1533 CE - Pizarro conquered the Incas

1600 CE:Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan begins

1602 CE: Dutch East India Company established (start joint-stock company)

1618 - 1648 CE - 30 Years War

1624 CE: Queen Nzinga becomes ruler of Ndongo

1689 CE - Glorious Revolution

1697 CE: Peter the Cracking travels to Europe to study technology

Unit 4 Essential Questions

Written report TIP:Use the following essential questions to guide your review of this entire unit. Go on in mind, these are not meant to be practice essay questions. Each question was written to help you lot summarize the key concept.

1. How did new technology lead to changes in trade & travel?
2. What were the motivations and consequences of exploration?
3. What were the causes and impacts of the Columbian Commutation?
4. How did Maritime (body of water-based) Empires exert and expand their power?
5. How was the development of Maritime Empires influenced past ethnic divisions and racist institutions?
6. What were the challenges to state power and expansion?
7. How did social hierarchies change in this time?

Past Essay Questions from Unit 4

Report TIP:Content from the early-modernistic era has appeared on the essays eleven times. Have a look at a few of these questions before you review the key concepts & vocabulary below to become a sense of how y'all will be assessed. Then, come dorsum to these later and practise writing as many as you can!

**The AP World History exam was revised in 2017, and so any questions from before and so are non representative of the current exam format or rubric. You can still use prior questions to practise, however DBQs volition have more than seven documents, the LEQ prompts are worded differently, and the rubrics are completely different. Employ questions from 2002-2016 with circumspection.

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Unit iv Central Concepts & Course Outline

*The following outline was adapted from the AP World History Course Description equally published past Higher Lath in 2019 found here . This outline reflects the nigh contempo revisions to the form.

Major Trends Between 1450-1750

• New technology → More exploration → Columbian Commutation
• Furnishings of the Columbian Exchange
• New foodstuffs 🌽 → 👶🏼 increased the population everywhere
• Except for the Americas where disease decimated everyone 😵
• Migration of people → Spread of religion, new syncretic cultures
• Integration of the west → merchandise was actually global → new Maritime (sea-based) powers
• New trading posts → New powerful cities
• Colonies established in the Americas
• Mercantilism & capitalism became predominant economic policies
• The new global economy had long-lasting effects
• European heart grade gained wealth → Industrialization possible
• More than money in circulation → inflation
• Prosperity → funding for arts and compages
• Slave merchandise intensified as need for labor increased
• Other coerced systems created (encomienda, mit'a)
• Social class based on race & ethnicity, kickoff time ever

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iv.1 Technological Innovations

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Causes of Innovation

The demand for exploration led to new technological innovations. The population was increasing and this led to more than demand for resource. However, there was a business opportunity in the search for resources. The state with the most admission to trade could be the most powerful.

Past 1450, more people were migrating in search of religious tolerance and economic opportunities. Growing dissent among oppressed and poor populations pushed European states to invest in exploration and merchandise.

New Technologies

Tech Innovations in Science	Tech Innovations in Navigation
Newton's Laws of Gravitation, Astronomical Charts, Meliorate mapmaking	Astrolabe, Lateen sail, Compass, New ships (caravel, carrack, fluyt)

Effects of Innovation

These new scientific discoveries and navigation undoubtedly opened up new trade networks across the Atlantic and Pacific, which also led to mass migrations of people (forced and voluntary).

The motion of goods and people had regional consequences. For example, gunpowder adult by the Chinese changed the method of conquest and made its way through Southern asia, the Middle Due east, and Europe. Gunpowder would accept violent consequences in the decades to come.

Muslim merchants continued to travel on trade routes, as they had done in the past centuries. During this fourth dimension, Muslim merchants established themselves farther in North Africa and the Indian Ocean, which is why Islam is a dominant religion in those regions.

Finally, Europeans congenital massive armed services strength because of trade profits and access to new weapons. Before 1450, Europeans did not play a prominent part on the global stage, but subsequently 1450, Europeans were the main puppeteers of the global economy.

four.2 Exploration: Causes and Events

⚡ Lookout man: AP Earth History - 🎥 Transoceanic Connections

Trade betwixt Europe and Asia had to go through the Mediterranean, which was controlled past Italian city-states. The Spanish, Portuguese, French, English language, and Dutch had to find another route in order to remain competitive, so they invested in exploration. #traderace

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Motives for Exploration

Europeans were primarily motivated by money, religion, rivalry, and conquest. If they could fast a quicker route to Asia, profits would balloon and religious ideologies would spread.

At this time, wealth was measured by how much gold or silver a state had on hand. And so states began to practise mercantilist policies, which express imports and maximized exports. This kept more money in the bank at any given time.

Achievements in Exploration

The Portuguese led the fashion to Sub-Saharan Africa and present-twenty-four hour period Red china, India, Indonesia, but their first to market reward didn't last long.

In one case contact with the Americas was open, the Spanish, French, English, and Dutch increasingly invested in the explorations.

Comparing Explorers

ExplorerOriginTripsGoalImpactZheng HeChina

• Republic of india
• Middle East
• Africa

Open merchandise networks and spread cultureChina stopped exploringJohn CabotEngland

• North America

Get to AsiaEstablished English language land in CanadaVasco de GamaPortugal

• Westward declension of Africa
• Republic of india

Go to India & ChinaEstablished ability in Indian OceanChristopher ColumbusSpain

• Caribbean islands
• Central America

Get to India & ChinaEuropean colonization of the AmericasFerdinand MagellanSpain

• South America
• Philippines

Go to AsiaEstablished Spanish links to Americas and Asia

4.3 Columbian Commutation

Before 1492, the Americas were isolated from Africa, Europe, and Asia. This is why the ancient civilizations are so fascinating because they all developed similar structures without knowing about each other.

Columbus was an all around terrible human beingness that committed mass genocide, but he gets the namesake of this era because his voyage kicked off a new global trading system.

Flow of Trade

The connexion of the Sometime World (Afro-Eurasia) and the New World (the Americas) unlocked a massive menses of goods, people, ideas, and affliction. New crops and livestock changed eating habits and largely increased the global population. However, the Americas suffered massive depopulation because of the spread of affliction.

• AfroEurasia to Americas → 🐎 🐖 🍚 🌾 🍇
• Americas to AfroEurasia → 🌽 🥔 🍫 🍅 🥑 🍠

Atlantic Slave Trade

The Atlantic Slave Trade began immediately after the Portuguese arrived in Africa, only seriously expanded later Native American populations were decimated. Greenbacks crops were assisting, but required a lot of labor.

Ethnic communities were originally enslaved, but they were not a viable long term programme for free/inexpensive labor. Disease wiped out nigh of the population and many that were left were able to escape because of superior knowledge of the state.

The Atlantic Slave Merchandise was expanded to supply labor throughout the colonies. Africans were kidnapped, often with the help of local rulers, and brought to the New Globe.

The most common destination for slaves was Brazil because sugar was so harsh to cultivate that the lifespan of slaves was extremely short (5-10% of slaves died every year). On the backs of millions of slaves, sugar somewhen outpaced silver equally the most assisting good at the fourth dimension.

Where Slaves Went

ColoniesPercentagePortuguese (mostly Brazil)39%British West Indies (Caribbean)18%Spanish (Latin America)eighteen%French (North America)14%British Mainland (US)half dozen%Dutch West Indies (Caribbean)2%Other3%

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African Diaspora

The African diaspora changed the culture of the Americas as slaves brought new ideas, foods, and languages.

With over 1500 dissimilar dialects, most slaves did not share a mutual language, which meant that native tongues were lost over fourth dimension. New languages developed every bit a alloy of different dialects, such as Creole.

Music was a key factor for survival in many slave communities. This music would later influence many genres including gospel, blues, jazz, rock due north' roll, hip hop, reggae, and samba.

The Columbian Exchange also had an enormous effect on the surroundings. Every bit colonists expanded plantations, many regions suffered from deforestation, soil depletion, and a strain on h2o sources.

4.iv Maritime Empires Link Regions

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Europeans in the World

As Europeans explored and colonized Africa and Asia, they set up trading postal service cities to establish a base. These cities became centers of imperial administrations after on.

In West Africa, European merchants and missionaries reached inland to the Kongo and Benin. The Asante Empire and Kingdom of the Kongo participated in slave merchandise, which increased their wealth and power.

Japan initially welcomed Portuguese and Dutch traders and missionaries, then pulled back by banning Christianity and contact with the exterior. They remained isolated for virtually of the 17th and 18th centuries in an effort to protect traditional culture.

China was also assault isolating itself from foreign affairs. After Zheng He's explorations, the Ming dynasty retreated into neutralist policies. Europeans would take to wait a few centuries for access to Communist china.

The Mughals in India were open to trade with Europeans and the British East India Company (EIC) was established. The EIC took reward of tensions between Muslims and Hindus in order to expand influence. The British moved inland and past the 19th century, had direct colonial control over all of India.

The Americas

The Spanish and Portuguese divided up the lands of the Americas earlier they even explored or conquered any of it. In 1494, they signed the Treaty of Tordesillas, which gave Brazil to the Portuguese and everywhere else to the Castilian. Languages are still divided on these lines.

The Castilian conquistadors brought downwardly the thriving Aztec and Inca empires within a few decades. The Aztecs fell first when Hernan Cortes and his troops brought disease to the region. Cortes also combined the forces of Aztec rivals to topple them faster. He then established the Spanish upper-case letter of United mexican states City.

The Incas fell quickly considering of disease and expose. Francisco Pizarro and his troops captured the Inca leader Atahualpa and convinced the Inca to trade gold for his return. They complied, but Pizarro still had Atahualpa killed, effectively toppling the empire.

The Castilian too established a fort at St. Augustine in present-day Florida. In North America, the Spanish had control of the southwest regions, cardinal America, and Florida.

Due north of the Spanish territory, the French and British were fueling their rivalry as they competed for country and control of resource. The French aligned with the Iroquois for protection and trading rights. The rivalry eventually popped off as the Seven Years' War exploded tensions around the world. The British drove the French out of Canada and India after that.

Changes in Labor Systems

Economic systems were disrupted equally trade intensified. The Portuguese controlled some areas on the Indian Body of water network as they strong armed locals, but merchants continued to trade and migrate.

In the Americas, the Spanish established the due eastncomienda system to force Natives to harvest greenbacks crops in exchange for nutrient and shelter, similar to the feudal system. In this labor system, the Natives were tied to the land and were non gratis to leave. This same system was used on smaller farms, which was called the hacienda system.

Meanwhile, the silver trade was insanely profitable for the Spanish and the mines at Potosi and Zacatecas needed every bit much labor every bit possible. Indigenous peoples were forced to piece of work in the harsh mines using a modified Mit'a system to nearly enslave the Natives.

Comparison Labor Systems

TypePlaceWorkCharacteristicsSlaveAmericas & AfricaHarvested cash crops, worked plantations, maintained homes

• Treated as holding
• Few or no rights

SerfEurope & AsiaWorked the farms of Lords

• Tied to state
• No legal protections

Indentured ServantGlobalField work, maintained homes

• Transport paid in substitution for seven years of unpaid labor

Free PeasantEurope & AsiaBlacksmith, weaving, farming

• Worked ain country
• Paid taxes to Lord
• Paid tithes to Church building

NomadEurope, Asia, & AfricaHerding, pastoralism, convenance

• Moved frequently
• Used land temporarily

Society MemberEuropeSkilled crafts

• Amateur
• Eventually independent

Atlantic Slave Merchandise

The work of harvesting greenbacks crops and mining silverish was labor intensive. These new markets were profitable, just could only exist sustained with a lot of cheap or free labor.

Africa was targeted for labor in the Americas considering Indigenous populations were decimated past disease and were able to escape with cognition of the land and the power to blend in with other Natives.

Indentured servants provided cheap labor for a while, simply plantation owners couldn't calibration their businesses when laborers would exit later on vii years.

As the slave trade expanded, some African Kings participated and shared profits. Slaves were captured, transported to holding pens ("Points of No Return"), and then crammed on ships for the Centre Passage journey across the Atlantic.

The demographic furnishings of the slave merchandise in Africa were unprecedented. Although the population of Africa ultimately increased because of increased food resources, in some regions the population declined as slaves were kidnapped. Families were separated and in that location was a gender imbalance because more men were taken than women.

4.5 Maritime Empires Develop

Mercantilist policies of the fourth dimension maximized exports and minimized imports then a state could have more than silverish and gold on hand. These policies forced colonies to only import goods from their colonizer

The changes in economic policy and increased trade led to innovations in finances, business organization, and banking.

Commercial Revolution

The worldwide transformation into a trade-based economy using gilded and silver is known every bit the Commercial Revolution, which had four main causes:

1. Development of European colonies overseas
2. Opening of new merchandise routes over the Atlantic and Pacific
3. Population growth, which increased demand for goods
4. Aggrandizement caused by increased mining

-As a result of increased trade and mining, prices also increased across the lath. This is also known every bit the Price Revolution. As prices increased, more people went into debt, which was a recipe for revolution in the upcoming century.

Innovations in Finance

To keep upwards with the new global need, joint-stock companies were formed. These minimized personal risk as investors pooled coin into ventures. It was kind of similar an early form of crowdfunding. Rather than one investor risking everything if a send was destroyed, many investors could split the risk thereby increasing the number of new businesses.

There were two main joint-stock companies. The British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company (VOC). Spain and Portugal had more government than private investing, which is why they didn't rely on joint-stock companies.

The Dutch were loftier rollers in this fourth dimension and played a main part in finance. They established a stock commutation and developed an international currency to facilitate trade. These financial innovations created enormous wealth for the Dutch.

French republic and England were non every bit financially stable. Investors were apace ownership shares based on speculated costs that increased equally demand increased. When a big number of these investments failed to return profits, many investors went bankrupt which had rippling effects on the economy.

Triangular Trade

In the Atlantic, the consequent trade from Europe to Africa to the Americas and dorsum to Europe was known every bit Triangular Trade. Europeans brought manufactured appurtenances like guns to Africa, picked upward slaves to bring to the Americas, then filled upward on cash crops to head dorsum to Europe.

Effects of the Atlantic Slave Merchandise

The explosion of the slave trade seriously weakened African kingdoms that had been on the rise before this time. For example, the Kongo was in decline. Slowed population growth too weakened economic production.

Considering of this, economic evolution in Africa was stalled for centuries and these regions were left vulnerable to the regal conquest of Europeans. Without the slave trade, African kingdoms would accept continued to strengthen and could take prevented centuries of turmoil in the region.

Some African rulers were complicit in the slave trade. They would kidnap slaves and merchandise them to Europeans in exchange for wealth and guns, which fabricated local rivalries far more tearing.

Most kidnapped slaves were men, which left a gender imbalance in favor of women, especially in Ghana and Benin. As a outcome, practices of polygamy were more common.

Ultimately, the exchange of new food staples increased the population of Africa, just in parts of Due west Africa, the population suffered as people were taken.

Furnishings on Native Americans

The well-nigh immediate result on indigenous communities was the massive depopulation caused by disease. Native Americans did not have biological amnesty to the common diseases brought by Europeans like smallpox and typhoid. These diseases killed upward to 90% of the population.

Castilian and Portuguese influence spread across politics, economic science, and society in the Americas. Spanish viceroys were appointed to dominion each region in conjunction with audiencias (royal courts).

Most of the native literature, fine art, and languages were completely destroyed, which left very few primary sources from earlier 1450. The decimation of lands and peoples made it hard to preserve this history. The languages of Spanish and Portuguese became the dominant languages of the region.

Finally, a new aristocracy class emerged chosen the creoles. These were people of Spanish or Portuguese descent that were built-in in the Americas. They were not quite as powerful equally Peninsulares, people born on the Iberian peninsula, but had far more powers than any mixed person, Native American, or African slave.

Changes in Belief Systems

New syncretic religions emerged that composite native and colonial traditions. Syncretisms happen everywhere, just in the Americas there are quite a few examples.

• Santeria - W African organized religion + Roman Catholicism

• Vodun - West African spiritualism brought to caribbean
• Candomble - "trip the light fantastic toe to laurels the gods", Bantu + Brazil
• Virgin of Guadalupe - Indigenous + Catholic

4.6 Internal and External Challenges to State Power

As states expanded power, they were consistently met with resistance and rebellion. This is a constant in globe history.

People will e'er find a way to challenge state power, specially when survival is at stake. An internal challenge to ability comes from people within the state such as citizens, enslaved people, or colonies. An external challenge to the state usually comes from neighboring states or other colonizing forces in the region.

Here'south a few examples of how states were challenged between 1450-1750:

Queen Nzinga vs. Portuguese colonizers

Afterwards the British and Dutch pushed the Portuguese out of India, they turned their attention to expanding their office in the African slave trade. In order to resist the Portuguese, Queen Nzinga of Ndongo (present-day Republic of angola) initially made an alliance with them in order to protect the imports of guns for her people.

Over time, the Portuguese became more exploitative to expand their powers. Queen Nzinga turned to the Dutch to aid fend off the Portuguese. Together, they defeated the Portuguese in 1647, but the Dutch retreat from central Africa a year leaving the region vulnerable.

Fifty-fifty into her 60s, Queen Nzinga personally led her troops into battle to protect their land. After her death, the Portuguese gained command of the region until well 1975.

Serfs vs. Russian Central Authorities

While the West African people were defending themselves from strange attacks (external challenges), the Russians were dealing with internal challenges. Russian serfs had suffered oppression from the fourth dimension of the Mongols and past the 15th century, the hardship and population of serfs had increased.

Free peasants afflicted by heavy debts oftentimes lost their land and were forced into serfdom. Even as serfdom was abolished beyond Europe, Russian serfs were tied to the land through strict laws that had no opportunity for freedom. Escaped serfs began to organize every bit free peasants, especially in the steppes. They were chosen Cossacks.

The Cossacks under Yemelyan Pugachev rebelled against Catherine the Cracking. Although they experienced early success in their revolt, the Russian government eventually suppressed the rebellion. After that, oppression of peasants and serfs increased in an effort to avoid future conflict.

Maratha (Hindu warriors) vs. Mughal Empire (Muslim)

South asia, which includes modernistic-day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, has a majority population of Hindus and a strong minority of Muslims. However, in the 17th century, the Mughals were a Muslim group that ruled the region.

In fear of minority rule, Hindu warriors called the Marathas rebelled. Between 1680-1707, the Maratha rebellion continued until they killed the Mughal leader Aurangzeb. His expiry effectively ended the Mughal Empire and the Maratha Empire ruled until 1818.

Pueblos vs. Castilian

In the Americas, Indigenous groups rebelled against European conquest. In present-twenty-four hours New Mexico, the entire Pueblo customs rebelled against the Spanish for 10 days in 1680.

The Pueblo Revolt was successful and the Spanish retreated from the region. However, they returned in 1692 to recapture the lands. Some Pueblos once more resisted, only the Spanish quickly massacred the small group of warriors. After that, many Pueblos migrated away in search of freedom.

Slaves vs. Slave Owners

Jamaica had a growing slave population throughout this time period. In 1655, the British took control of the country forcing the Spanish out. As Castilian slave owners fled, many slaves escaped and formed settlements chosen Maroons. Revolts led by maroon communities had some success, but were ultimately squashed. At that place were groups of Maroons in Jamaica that were coerced into collaborating with Castilian militias in opposition to British incursions to Jamaica that eventually switched sides when Espana was failing at that place and signed a treaty with Britain.

The Gloucester County Rebellion in 1663 was the first slave revolt in the British American colonies. African slaves forged an brotherhood with white indentured servants in a rebellion to demand freedoms.

The defection in Virginia failed and had serious consequences. In order to prevent white and black oppressed groups from conspiring, the Virginia government wielded racist policies to drive a wedge. They gave lower form white workers some rights to appease them and prevent further anarchy. Black slaves remained enslaved for 200 more years.

Indigenous Tribes vs. British Colonists (Metacom'south War)

Native American tribes in New England were some of the kickoff ethnic communities to exist displaced past British colonists. The final stand against colonization was led past Metacom, also known as his colonial proper name Male monarch Phillip.

Past the 1670s, the colonists and Natives had largely co-existed. However in 1675, Metacom mounted one last effort to drive the British off the Native country. Many tribes participated, although some sided with the English language.

The colonists defeated the Natives after 14 months of bloody rebellion. Relative to the total population, Metacom'south State of war is the deadliest in United states of america history.

Glorious Revolution: English Protestants vs. English language Catholics

Back in England, things were getting complicated. England was a majority Protestant country, but had a Catholic minority. In 1685, the Catholic King James II ascended to the throne and began enacting anti-Protestant policies.

William of Orange was backed by Protestants to overthrow him. Without any mortality, William and Mary II pressured James Two into exile and took the throne. William and Mary accepted articulation powers with parliament and signed the English Bill of Rights. This is what'due south known as the Glorious Revolution.

Rebellions & Revolts
State	Notable Challenges
Portugal	Dutch & English language pushed out of South Asia Queen Nzinga'southward rebellion in modern-24-hour interval Angola
French republic	Fronde revolt against the royal power
Russia	Cossack rebellion Pugachev rebellion
Mughals	Maratha rebellion
Spanish	Pueblo & Apache Revolt in present-day New Mexico
British	Maroon Wars (Jamaica) Gloucester Canton Slave Rebellion (Virginia) Metacom'south State of war (New England) Glorious Revolution (Cosmic vs. Protestant in England)

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4.7 Changing Social Hierarchies

The expansion of trade on a global scale expanded both the upper elite course and the lower labor grade. Global trade was insanely profitable and new elite classes enjoyed this wealth. Meanwhile, the population of forced laborers increased, further expanding the wealth gap.

Gunpowder Empires

Quick reminder! The gunpowder empires included the Ottoman, Mughal, and Safavid.

Ottoman society was complex. The Sultans ruled the top of the pyramid and had powers to grant rewards to favored groups, such equally soldiers. The middle class included the military, scholars, and other bureaucratic groups. Inside the military, the Janissaries gained power and tried to overthrow the Sultan.

For its time, the Ottoman Empire adept a surprising amount of religious tolerance for Jews and Christians. Although non-Muslims were forced to pay the jizya tax, many Jews that had been expelled from Espana and Portugal migrated to the Ottoman Empire, which expanded its power.

Meanwhile, the Mughal Empire under Akbar the Great was even more tolerant as they abolished the jizya tax and supported the expansion of Sikhism (blend of Hinduism and Islam).

Women in the Ottoman Empire as well experienced some expanded freedoms. Some women, such every bit Roxelana, climbed the social ladder from slave to wife of the Ottoman ruler Suleiman the Groovy. This was an farthermost case of form mobility, but is an example of what was possible.

China

The Qing dynasty that overthrew the Yuan Mongols was ruled by the Manchus, a minority group. This was yet another historical example of a minority grouping ruling a majority group (run into: Mughals, colonialism).

Although the adopted political traditions in China, the Qing were committed to making the Manchu civilisation ascendant. For instance, they forced all men to wearable their hair in queues (braided pigtail style), which was a power motility to exam loyalty to the throne.

Ethnic divisions: The bulk Han ethnicity faced the most intolerance from the Qing. Oft times, Han men would side with the Qing and conduct out mass murders of Han men refusing to wear the Manchu hairstyle.

Europe

European order was ruled by a royal family unit that gained enormous wealth from trade and corruption. Below the royals was a second class of the nobility, a small wealthy grouping that owned most of the state.

Nobles had influence in Parliament, but no power over the royals. The commoners were the lowest form and oftentimes challenged the dignity. After a failed revolt from commoners, Louis Fourteen committed to keeping power from the common people or the nobles, "I am the state."

Jewish Diaspora

In the 15th and 16th centuries, Jewish communities faced increased anti-semitism in Western Europe. In Kingdom of spain, Ferdinand and Isabella expelled the entire Jewish population, which sent them migrating all over the world.

Jews of Spanish descent that migrated to Northward Africa and the Heart E are referred to as Sephardic. Jewish populations descended from eastern and central Europe are called Ashkenazi. Both groups would experience a diaspora by the 20th century.

The Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution led to more tolerance for Jews equally people contemplated natural rights. Kingdom of the netherlands was particularly tolerant for Europe at the time, then many Jews migrated there and worked in the booming financial industry. This connection would later be used to scapegoat Jews for economic downturns.

Russia

In Russia, the social classes were like to the rest of Europe, except that they connected to practice serfdom. The Russian nobility, known as Boyars, were wealthy landowners. Below them were the merchants.

At the bottom was the largest course of peasants, many of whom sank into debt and were forced into serfdom. As serfs, they were completely tied to the land and sold when the land sold.

The Americas

The Americas are mostly defined by ethnic segmentation during the catamenia of 1450-1750. The well-nigh dramatic social changes happened in the Americas because of the influx of Europeans, decimation of Indigenous, and explosion of the African slave trade. Social classes in the Americas were based on race, which is a pivotal departure from the balance of the world. Slavery was a major driver of maritime trade relations.

In the British Northward American colonies, Europeans, Natives, and African slaves remained separate classes that rarely mixed. Although mixed children existed, primarily considering of forced assaults, the societal norm was segregation and policies supported this tradition.

In the Castilian and Portuguese colonies, things were different. In an effort to genocide Indigenous culture, Europeans were encouraged to procreate with the Indigenous and African communities.

All of the indigenous combinations created new social classes organized by race with Europeans the pinnacle. The Peninsulares, or Europeans born in Spain or Portugal, were at the top and served as representatives of the purple crown. The Creole grade was born in the Americas, but had the adjacent highest privileges with their pure European descent.

The mixed classes, or the castas, had its ain pyramid within a pyramid.

• Mestizos = European + Indigenous
• Mulattoes = European + African
• Zambos = Indigenous + African (free)
• All other Ethnic communities
• African slaves

Resource:

List of Concepts & Vocabulary from Unit iv

⚡ Lookout man: AP Globe History - 🎥 Q&A Study Session

STUDY TIP:These are the concepts and vocabulary from period 4 that most commonly appear on the exam. Create a quizlet deck to make sure you are familiar with these terms!

• 95 Theses

• Adam Smith
• African Diaspora
• Akbar
• Anglican Church
• Atahualpa
• Atlantic trade organisation
• Aurangzeb
• Aztec Empire
• Babur
• cash crop
• castas
• coffeehouses
• colonies
• Columbian Exchange
• Commercial Revolution
• conquistadores
• cottage industries
• Council of Trent
• Counter-Reformation
• creole
• devshirme
• divine correct
• East India Company
• encomienda
• English Ceremonious State of war
• Enlightenment
• fur merchandise
• galleons
• Glorious Revolution
• Great Peace of Montreal
• Gunpowder Empires
• Hermit Kingdom
• Inca Empire
• indentured servitude
• indulgences
• Inquisition
• John Locke
• joint-stock companies
• kabuki theater
• maritime empires
• mercantilism
• mestizos
• Middle Passage
• Ming Dynasty
• miniature paintings
• mit'a system
• mulattoes
• northwest passage
• Ottoman Empire
• Peace of Augsburg
• Peace of Utrecht
• Peace of Westphalia
• Peninsulares
• Protestant Reformation
• Puritans
• Qing Dynasty
• Safavids
• Santeria
• Scholasticism
• sepoys
• Sikhism
• steppes
• Suleiman I
• Sunni Ali
• Taj Mahal
• 30 Years' War
• Tokugawa Shogunate
• transatlantic slave trade
• Treaty of Tordesillas
• triangular trade
• Versailles
• viceroys
• Virgin of Guadalupe
• Westernization
• White Lotus Rebellion
• zamindars
• Zheng He

Resources:

mcknightasherettle36.blogspot.com

Source: https://library.fiveable.me/ap-world/-/unit-4-global-trade-1450-1750/blog/Mpo75j27Uz6TScL06zGB

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